Journal Description
Horticulturae
Horticulturae
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal published monthly online by MDPI. The Spanish Society of Horticultural Sciences (SECH) is affiliated with Horticulturae and its members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubAg, AGRIS, FSTA, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Horticulture) / CiteScore - Q2 (Horticulture)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
3.1 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022)
Latest Articles
Improving Water Use Efficiency, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Crimson Seedless Grapevines under Drought Stress
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060576 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Drought stress is a group of abiotic stresses that affects plant growth and yield production. A field experiment over two successive seasons (2021–2022 and 2022–2023) in sand soil was conducted to investigate the integration effect of deficit irrigation, soil amendment “hundzsoil”, and the
[...] Read more.
Drought stress is a group of abiotic stresses that affects plant growth and yield production. A field experiment over two successive seasons (2021–2022 and 2022–2023) in sand soil was conducted to investigate the integration effect of deficit irrigation, soil amendment “hundzsoil”, and the spraying of proline on the water use efficiency (WUE), yield, and fruit quality of 8-year-old Crimson seedless table grapes. Four application rates of soil amendment (0, 2, 4, and 6 kg hundzsoil /vine) were added during the dormancy period, and four irrigation levels at 125, 100, 75, and 60% of the field capacity were applied just before flowering until harvest. Proline at two levels (0 and 500 ppm) was applied as a foliar spray. Parameters such as bud fertility, weight of 100 berries, juice volume, and cluster number were positively affected by irrigation at 75% FC along with applying hundzsoil at 2 and 4 kg/vine under proline spray in both seasons. Irrigation at the 125% FC level with a 6 kg hundzsoil application under proline spray resulted in the highest yield, berries number, cluster length, cluster weight, and total anthocyanin in both seasons. The TSS/acidity ratio was significantly and positively affected by deficit irrigation (60% FC level) under hundzsoil at a rate of 4 kg alongside proline spray. Reducing irrigation to 60% FC without hundzsoil and proline spray negatively affected numerous growth parameters and the yield. However, irrigation at 60% FC alongside 6 kg of hundzsoil and proline showed the highest IWUE in both seasons. Proline spray was a key factor in conserving water used for irrigation. This study recommends using deficit irrigation alongside hundzsoil application under proline spray as an adequate strategy for water use efficiency and improving the yield and fruit quality of Crimson seedless grapevines cultivated in sand soil.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Crop Physiological Responses under Biotic and Abiotic Stress)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
The Application of Micro- and Nano-Sized Zinc Oxide Particles Differently Triggers Seed Germination in Ocimum basilicum L., Lactuca sativa L., and Lepidium sativum L. under Controlled Conditions
by
Matteo Caser, Nicolò Maria Percivalle and Valentina Cauda
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060575 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) particles have recently received attention in different agriculture sectors as new technologies and practices are entering into force with limited adverse effects on the environment. However, various works have reported both positive or negative effects on plants. The present study
[...] Read more.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) particles have recently received attention in different agriculture sectors as new technologies and practices are entering into force with limited adverse effects on the environment. However, various works have reported both positive or negative effects on plants. The present study focused on an evaluation of the effects of four different new micro- and nano-sized ZnO particles (namely, Desert Roses (DRs), MultiPods (MPs), NanoFlakes (NFs), and NanoParticles (NPs)) on the seed germination traits of Ocimum basilicum L., Lactuca sativa L., and Lepidium sativum L. ZnO particles were applied at concentrations of 12.5 ppm, 25 ppm, and 50 ppm. Seeds moistened with deionized water were used as a control. All the particles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, and their production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) under seed germination conditions was evaluated through electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Seeds of each species were put on filter paper under controlled conditions in both dark and light photoperiods. In this bioassay, the final germination percentage (FGP), early root length, and index of germination were evaluated. The results showed a wide variability of response to the type and concentration of ZnO particles and to the applied photoperiod of the three studied species. O. basilicum FGP increased when treated with NPs and DRs already at the lowest concentration and especially in light conditions with values significantly superior to those of the control (71.1%, 69.4%, and 52.2%, respectively). At higher concentrations, phytotoxicity on root length was observed, with a reduction of circa 30% in comparison to untreated seeds. On the contrary, in L. sativum, a phytotoxic effect was seen in radicle length with all the used ZnO particles and concentrations. L. sativa seeds did not show significant effects due to the type of particles, with a reduction in FGP only at higher concentrations and particularly in light conditions. Upon light irradiation, different levels of ROS were counted by the application of ZnO particles. DRs produced the highest amount of DMPO-OH adduct (up to 2.7 × 10−5 M) followed by the NP type (2.0 × 10−5 M). Taking together all these findings, the seeds’ coat morphology, their ability to absorb ZnO particles, and the ROS production in light conditions are indeed crucial players in the application of these formulations in seed germination.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Comparative Growth and Bacoside Production in Diploid and Tetraploid Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Cultivated Indoors via Hydroponic and Soil Culture Systems
by
Phithak Inthima and Kanyaratt Supaibulwatana
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060574 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri, a cognitive-enhancing herb crucial in health supplements, faces quality variations and contamination by toxic substances in conventional field cultivation, which hinders industrial use. Here, indoor cultivation of diploid (2x) and tetraploid (4x) B. monnieri using hydroponic and soil systems
[...] Read more.
Bacopa monnieri, a cognitive-enhancing herb crucial in health supplements, faces quality variations and contamination by toxic substances in conventional field cultivation, which hinders industrial use. Here, indoor cultivation of diploid (2x) and tetraploid (4x) B. monnieri using hydroponic and soil systems was studied. Soil cultivation promoted longer shoot lengths but resulted in lower biomass and chlorophyll contents compared to hydroponic cultivation. Conversely, soil cultivation significantly elevated total phenolics, total triterpenoids, bacoside A3, and bacopaside X contents in both lines, showing 1.7- to 3.3-fold increases over hydroponic cultivation. Furthermore, 4x plants grown in soil had higher bacopaside II and total bacoside contents than hydroponically grown plants, with 2- and 1.5-fold increases, respectively. Yet, no significant differences were observed in growth and pigment between 2x and 4x lines under the same system. Similarly, no significant differences in bioactive compound productions were found between 2x and 4x hydroponically grown plants. However, in soil, 4x plants exhibited higher total phenolic content, bacopaside II, and total bacoside contents compared to 2x plants. Interestingly, 2x plants grown in soil were the top performers for bacoside production per plant. These findings optimize cultivation practices to meet industry demands, warranting further research into large-scale production techniques.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)
Open AccessArticle
Elucidation of Shoot and Root Growth, Physiological Responses, and Quality Traits of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) Exposed to Elevated Calcium Carbonate Concentrations
by
Naveedullah Sediqui, Mohammad Wasif Amin, Niamatullah Dawlatzai, Gulbuddin Gulab, Dawlat Shah Poyesh, Naoki Terada, Atsushi Sanada, Atsushi Kamata and Kaihei Koshio
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060573 - 31 May 2024
Abstract
The excess presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in soil poses challenges for production of horticultural crops, including tomatoes. This condition is prevalent in arid and semi-arid regions of Afghanistan. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of elevated
[...] Read more.
The excess presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in soil poses challenges for production of horticultural crops, including tomatoes. This condition is prevalent in arid and semi-arid regions of Afghanistan. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of elevated concentrations of CaCO3 on growth, physiology, and quality attributes of tomato. Seedlings were exposed to different concentrations of CaCO3 (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 20% w/w) in soil. The results showed that elevated concentrations of CaCO3 (10% and 20%) significantly increased soil electrical conductivity (EC) and pH, and subsequently affected growth, physiology, and quality of tomato. CaCO3 effects resulted in an increase in leaf electrolyte leakage, leaf calcium content, root respiration rate, root ethylene production, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, and organic acids, as well as a decrease in plant height, leaf length, leaf magnesium content, leaf SPAD value, number of leaves per plant, root weight and length, and root activity. At higher concentrations, CaCO3 decreased number of flowers and fruit per plant, as well as fruit weight and diameter, consequently affecting yield production. Although elevated concentrations of CaCO3 is characteristic of soils in Afghanistan, limited information is available about this topic. These findings enhance our understanding of soil conditions in the country and provide valuable insights for farmers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Non-Destructive Testing of the Internal Quality of Korla Fragrant Pears Based on Dielectric Properties
by
Yurong Tang, Hong Zhang, Qing Liang, Yifan Xia, Jikai Che and Yang Liu
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060572 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
This study provides a method for the rapid, non-destructive testing of the internal quality of Korla fragrant pears. The dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss factor (ε″) of pear samples were tested at 100 frequency points (range = 0.1–26.5 GHz) using a vector
[...] Read more.
This study provides a method for the rapid, non-destructive testing of the internal quality of Korla fragrant pears. The dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss factor (ε″) of pear samples were tested at 100 frequency points (range = 0.1–26.5 GHz) using a vector network analyzer and coaxial probe. The variations in the dielectric parameters of fragrant pears were analyzed. The linear relationships between the dielectric parameters and internal quality were explored. Internal quality prediction models for Korla fragrant pears were built using partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR) and particle swarm optimization–least squares support vector regression (PSO-LSSVR). The optimal model was then determined. There was a weak correlation between the dielectric parameters and soluble solid content (SSC) under a single frequency. The model based on PLSR and using ε′ as a variable predicted hardness the best, while the model based on PLSR using ε″ as a variable predicted SSC the best. Its R and MSE values were 0.77 and 0.073 in hardness prediction, respectively, and 0.91 and 0.087 in SSC prediction. This study provides a new method for the non-destructive online testing of the internal quality of Korla fragrant pears.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Postharvest Fruit Quality and Physiological Mechanism)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Identification, Classification, and Expression Analysis of Leucine-Rich Repeat Extensin Genes from Brassica rapa Reveals Salt and Osmosis Stress Response Genes
by
Jiyun Hui, Meiqi Zhang, Luhan Chen, Yuexin Wang, Jiawei He, Jingjing Zhang, Ruolan Wang, Qiwei Jiang, Bingcan Lv and Yunyun Cao
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060571 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat extensin (LRX) is involved in the regulation of crucial cellular processes, such as cell wall growth and development, as well as signaling. However, the presence of the LRX gene family in Brassica rapa (B. rapa) has not
[...] Read more.
Leucine-rich repeat extensin (LRX) is involved in the regulation of crucial cellular processes, such as cell wall growth and development, as well as signaling. However, the presence of the LRX gene family in Brassica rapa (B. rapa) has not been previously reported. This study identified 17 BrLRXs within the Brassica rapa genome by bioinformatic analysis, and these genes were distributed on seven chromosomes. Phylogenetic and covariance analyses indicate that BrLRXs can be categorized into two distinct branches: the trophic branch and the reproductive branch, with a close relationship observed between BrLRXs and AtLRXs. According to cis-acting element analysis, this gene family is rich in hormone-responsive and stress-responsive elements such as drought-inducibility, abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, and gibberellic acid responsive elements, suggesting a potential role in abiotic stress response. Transcriptomic, proteomic, and RT-qPCR analyses demonstrated significant up-regulation of BrLRX2 and BrLRX6 under salt stress, while BrLRX3, BrLRX6, and BrLRX8 were significantly down-regulated under osmotic stress. Our analysis of the protein tertiary structure predicts a strong association between LRX proteins and RALF. Protein–protein interaction prediction revealed that LRX interacts with the RALF protein and the receptor FER, which have been previously reported to jointly regulate plant stress responses. We propose that BrLRX6 and BrLRX8 are implicated in osmotic stress, while BrLRX2 and BrLRX6 are involved in the modulation of salt stress.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Abiotic Stress Response Mechanism of Horticultural Plants)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Salinity Impact on Yield, Quality and Sensory Profile of ‘Pisanello’ Tuscan Local Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Closed Soilless Cultivation
by
Fatjon Cela, Giulia Carmassi, Basma Najar, Isabella Taglieri, Chiara Sanmartin, Susanna Cialli, Costanza Ceccanti, Lucia Guidi, Francesca Venturi and Luca Incrocci
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060570 - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Tomatoes are globally renowned for their nutritional value and culinary versatility. However, environmental stresses, particularly salinity, present significant challenges to tomato production, impacting both yield and fruit quality. In light of these challenges, this study investigates the effect of salinity on yield and
[...] Read more.
Tomatoes are globally renowned for their nutritional value and culinary versatility. However, environmental stresses, particularly salinity, present significant challenges to tomato production, impacting both yield and fruit quality. In light of these challenges, this study investigates the effect of salinity on yield and fruit quality of a local cultivar tomato named ‘Pisanello’ in a closed soilless rockwool cultivation system. Total yield, fruit size, and number were investigated in both control (10 mM of NaCl) and salinity-treated plants (salinity 1 (S1)~30 mM of NaCl and salinity 2 (S2)~60 mM of NaCl), alongside various physicochemical parameters in fully ripened tomato fruits. The results indicated a decrease in crop production with rising sodium chloride concentration in the nutrient solution (25% and 41% for S1 and S2 treatment, respectively). Conversely, salinity-treated fruits exhibited an increase in total phenolic content of +21.9% in S1 and +36.7% in S2 and in antioxidant capacity (+33.5% and +34.7%, for the S1 and S2 treatments, respectively). Salinity treatments registered in general higher quality parameters such as titratable acidity (+8.9 for S1 and +16.5% for S2), total soluble solids (+18.5% for S1 and +43.0% for S2) and fruit firmness (+30.7% for S1 and +60.3% for S2) in comparison with control tomato fruits. Sensory profile analysis further validated the preference for fresh consumption of tomato fruits grown with saline water. These findings suggests that salinity stress can enhance the nutritional quality and taste of the Pisanello tomato. Further investigation could explore the optimal NaCl concentration to balance tomato production and nutritional quality.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soilless Cultivation in Horticulture: Cutting-Edge Solutions to Increase Productivity and Plant Protection Levels)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Polyploidization Impact on Plant Architecture of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)
by
Eftekhar Mahmud, Hongju Zhu, Mohamed Omar Kaseb, Muhammad Zeeshan Sajjad, Nan He, Xuqiang Lu and Wenge Liu
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060569 - 29 May 2024
Abstract
Plant architecture includes traits such as plant height, stem diameter, and branching pattern, which have significant impacts on yield and fruit quality. Polyploidization can bring changes in plant architectural traits in different crops along with other agronomic and biochemical attributes; however, the specific
[...] Read more.
Plant architecture includes traits such as plant height, stem diameter, and branching pattern, which have significant impacts on yield and fruit quality. Polyploidization can bring changes in plant architectural traits in different crops along with other agronomic and biochemical attributes; however, the specific physiological and biochemical mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we utilized five watermelon lines: ‘91E7’, ‘Zhengzhou No. 3’, ‘Fanzu No. 1’, ‘Shenlong’, and ‘Houlv’, along with their corresponding autopolyploid derivatives (diploid, autotriploid, and autotetraploid) to compare plant architecture differences in different polyploidy watermelon plants. The results showed that the growth habits of diploid, triploid, and tetraploid watermelon plants were noticeably different. Triploid and tetraploid watermelon plants had greater stem diameters and larger leaf sizes. The leaf angle was also larger in polyploid watermelons than in their diploid ancestor lines. Although vine length was significantly higher in diploid watermelon, there was no significant difference in node number, indicating that the short vine length was due to the short internodal length. The major differences between diploid and polyploid watermelon plants were found in the branching pattern, as diploid watermelon lines have more branching compared to their polyploid sister lines. Furthermore, we examined the phytohormone content of diploid, triploid, and tetraploid ‘Fanzu No. 1’. The reasons for the selection of this material are its robust growth and profuse branching habit, which cause visible differences among the ploidy levels. Hormone analysis showed distinct variations in abscisic acid in the nodal and stem regions, gibberellin in the auxiliary bud regions, and brassinosteroids in the apical meristematic regions. The correlation coefficient also strongly correlated these hormones with architecture-related traits. Our findings indicated that gibberellin, ABA, and brassinosteroids might be associated with variations in plant architectural traits like branching, vine length, internodal length, stem thickness, and leaf angle among different ploidy levels of watermelon. The exogenous application of GA3 showed a positive effect on branching, whereas ABA showed a negative effect on branching. The application of brassinosteroid at the apical meristem demonstrated its effect on leaf angle, leaf size, and internodal length. The results of this study can provide a theoretical reference and valuable insights into the link between plant architecture and ploidy levels.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Horticulture)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Genome-Wide Identification of the ARF Gene Family in Three Dendrobium Species and Its Expression Pattern Analysis in D. nobile Flower
by
Cuili Zhang, Wenjun Lin, Shijie Ke, Deqiang Chen, Linying Wang, Qinyao Zheng, Ye Huang, Zhong-Jian Liu, Weilun Yin and Siren Lan
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060568 - 29 May 2024
Abstract
The ARF gene family is a representative transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the regulation of various growth and development processes in plants. Although the ARF gene family has been identified in five Orchidaceae species, limited research has been conducted on
[...] Read more.
The ARF gene family is a representative transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the regulation of various growth and development processes in plants. Although the ARF gene family has been identified in five Orchidaceae species, limited research has been conducted on the ARF gene within Dendrobium. To explore ARF family genes in different Dendrobium species, we selected chromosome-level genomic data from D. nobile, D. chrysotoxum, and D. huoshanense for genome-wide identification, and to analyze expression patterns in the D. nobile flower. In this study, 13, 18, and 23 ARF genes were identified in the genomes of D. chrysotoxum, D. huoshanense, and D. nobile, respectively. These genes were then subsequently classified into four classes (Classes I, II, III, and IV) based on our phylogenetic analysis. Additional protein sequence analysis found that 30 ARF proteins with three classically conserved structural domains (BDB, MR, and RD) were present in the three Dendrobium species. Our gene structure comparative analysis also found the same evolutionary branch with similar intron-exon structural features. Specifically, Class I and Class III display longer introns that potentially constitute a distinctive characteristic of Dendrobium. Gene expression patterns analysis showed the potential involvement of DnoARF 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, and 23 in initial differentiation and flower bud formation. Likewise, transcriptomic analysis and RT-qPCR expression profiles indicated flower-specific expression patterns for four ARF genes (DnoARF5, DnoARF6, DnoARF16, and DnoARF22), which suggest an important impact on flower development and regulation. Ultimately, this study provides comprehensive data to elucidate the potential functions of ARF genes in three Dendrobium species and suggests new insights for further exploration concerning the function and regulatory mechanisms in Dendrobium during flower development.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis for the Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Plants)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Characterization of Mixtures of Rugulopteryx okamurae Compost and Plant Residues to Determine the Most Effective Composition as a Substrate and Source of Nutrients
by
Amelia Correa-Bustos, Francesca Berti, María del Carmen Salas-Sanjuán and María Luz Segura-Pérez
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060567 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The increasing invasion of Rugulopteryx okamurae algae along the coast of southeastern Spain has prompted efforts to explore its potential as a resource. Consequently, composting this alga is considered a viable solution for agricultural applications. This study investigates the composting process of mixtures
[...] Read more.
The increasing invasion of Rugulopteryx okamurae algae along the coast of southeastern Spain has prompted efforts to explore its potential as a resource. Consequently, composting this alga is considered a viable solution for agricultural applications. This study investigates the composting process of mixtures of R. okamurae seaweed with plant residues and characterizes the final compost for its use as a substrate and/or source of nutrients to determine the most effective composition of the mixture. The composting process was conducted using varying proportions of seaweed (100%, 30–35%, and 15%) combined with plant residues (from vegetable plants, fruits, and gardens) and included both washed and unwashed seaweed. The first trials revealed challenges associated with Rugulopteryx okamurae, such as a low C/N ratio and algae washing. Consequently, a second trial was conducted to optimize the mixtures, aiming for a C/N ratio close to 30. Additionally, it was decided not to wash the algae to reduce the electrical conductivity (EC) in the mixtures. The findings indicate that the composting process remains unaffected by high electrical conductivity when algae are unwashed. However, washing the algae before composting did affect the compost quality, as the composts with washed algae with garden waste (SwP 34.0 dS m−1) had a lower electrical conductivity (EC) than did the unwashed composts with garden waste (SP 51.6 dS m−1 and SFP 64.9 dS m−1). On the other hand, the compost-only horticultural and garden waste (FHP 43.7 dS m−1) had a high EC; therefore, the EC was not increased with low proportions of unwashed algae, as was seen with the compost with 15% unwashed algae (SFHP 47.6 dS m−1). The other quality parameters were not affected by the absence of algae washing at the beginning of the composting process.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Chemical Variability, Antioxidant and Larvicidal Efficacy of EOs from Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Peel, Leaf, and Flower
by
Devi Prasad Bhandari, Pratiksha Chaudhary, Siddha Raj Upadhyaya, Rajeshwor Ranjitkar, Rakesh Satyal, Achyut Adhikari, Prabodh Satyal and Niranjan Parajuli
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060566 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Essential oils (EOs) from Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae) possess diverse biological activities. However, a comprehensive comparison of their chemical composition and bioactivity across different plant parts has not been studied yet. The current research comparatively assesses the yield, chemical composition, chiral distribution, antioxidant properties,
[...] Read more.
Essential oils (EOs) from Citrus sinensis (Rutaceae) possess diverse biological activities. However, a comprehensive comparison of their chemical composition and bioactivity across different plant parts has not been studied yet. The current research comparatively assesses the yield, chemical composition, chiral distribution, antioxidant properties, and larvicidal activity of EOs extracted from the peels, leaves, and flowers of C. sinensis. EOs extracted via hydro-distillation (HD) and steam distillation (SD) were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and chiral GC-MS to explore their chemical composition and enantiomeric distribution. In addition, their larvicidal and antioxidant potentials were evaluated following standard protocols. Peels of C. sinensis exhibited significantly higher oil content (1.75–2.25%) compared to its leaves (0.75–0.78%) and flowers (0.20–0.25%). The GC-MS analysis identified around 60 compounds, including terpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and oxygenated terpenoids in the HD and SD extractions. Higher concentrations of sabinene were found in flower extract (38.05–39.89%) and leaf extract (32.30–36.91%), while peel extract contained more than 90% limonene. The larvicidal activity of peel oil was primarily attributed to limonene, with an LC50 value of 0.0031 µL/mL. The current study reports the first chiral (GC-MS) analysis in the essential oil of the leaves and flowers of C. sinensis, paving the way for authenticity and purity. Furthermore, the chemical profiling of citrus EOs, particularly from the peel, demonstrates a safe and promising candidate for diverse biological applications.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
An Environmentally Friendly Method to Protect Box Trees (Buxus spp.) from Attacks by the Invasive Moth Cydalima perspectalis
by
Bruno Baur, Werner Gysin and Hans-Peter Rusterholz
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060565 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The non-native invasive box-tree moth Cydalima perspectalis causes severe damage to ornamental box trees (Buxus spp.) and natural boxwood stands. So far, no promising natural enemy of C. perspectalis has been discovered in Europe. Many garden owners would like to protect their
[...] Read more.
The non-native invasive box-tree moth Cydalima perspectalis causes severe damage to ornamental box trees (Buxus spp.) and natural boxwood stands. So far, no promising natural enemy of C. perspectalis has been discovered in Europe. Many garden owners would like to protect their box trees from C. perspectalis without the use of insecticides, which also harm other arthropod species. In a controlled experiment under natural conditions, we tested whether box trees covered with a net during the flight period of C. perspectalis are as well protected against the moth as trees treated with a bioinsecticide. After 1 year, the box trees covered with a net during the moths’ flight activity (monitored by light traps) showed no damage by larvae (average loss of leaves 0%), as did box trees regularly treated with a bioinsecticide (control group 1). In contrast, box trees with no protection (untreated box trees; control group 2) lost 97.7% of their leaves due to larval feeding. In a second experiment, we investigated whether defoliated box trees can recover when covered with a net during the flight period of the moth. Protected by the net, the emerging new leaves were not attacked by C. perspectalis. After 1.5 years, the trees had 24% of their original foliage again. Our study demonstrates that temporarily covering box trees with a net protects them against damage by C. perspectalis in an effective way.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest Management)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Enhancing the Nutritional Profile of Crataegus monogyna Fruits by Optimizing the Extraction Conditions
by
Konstantina Kotsou, Dimitra Magopoulou, Theodoros Chatzimitakos, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Eleni Bozinou, Athanassios I. Sfougaris and Stavros I. Lalas
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060564 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Crataegus monogyna (CM) fruits are highly regarded for their rich nutritional content, boasting elevated levels of various beneficial secondary metabolites like total polyphenols, including anthocyanins, and ample amounts of ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity. Despite the acknowledged benefits of CM fruits, researchers have
[...] Read more.
Crataegus monogyna (CM) fruits are highly regarded for their rich nutritional content, boasting elevated levels of various beneficial secondary metabolites like total polyphenols, including anthocyanins, and ample amounts of ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity. Despite the acknowledged benefits of CM fruits, researchers have directed more attention toward its leaves and flowers. Consequently, the current research attempts to optimize extraction techniques for CM fruit using a multifaceted approach involving varied durations, temperatures, and concentrations of ethanol solvent to isolate the diverse range of bioactive components present effectively. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) is employed for the identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds. According to the results, by following the optimum extraction parameters (50% ethanolic solvent, 50 °C extraction temperature, and 60 min extraction time), the total polyphenol content can be increased up to 410%, reaching 55.59 mg gallic acid equivalents/g. Using 50% ethanolic solvent, 80 °C extraction temperature, and extraction time of 90 min, the total anthocyanin content can be enhanced by more than 560%, reaching a quantity of 51.83 μg cyanidin equivalents/g. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of CM fruit extracts can reach 415.95 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g dw (by FRAP method), using 50% ethanolic solvent, 50 °C extraction temperature, and 60 min extraction time, and 270.26 μmol AAE/g dw (by DPPH method) and 1053.28 mg/100 g dw ascorbic acid content, using 50% ethanolic solvent, 80 °C extraction temperature, and 90 min extraction time. This comprehensive study seeks to augment the already substantial content of bioactive compounds found in CM, resulting in an extract with promising applications across the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Horticultural Plants—2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Phenotypic Diversity of Pomegranate Cultivars: Discriminating Power of Some Morphological and Fruit Chemical Characteristics
by
Mira Radunić, Maja Jukić Špika and Jelena Gadže
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060563 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
In modern agricultural production, where a small number of commercial cultivars dominate, the collection, evaluation, and preservation of germplasm are important tasks to reduce the erosion of genes and preserve biodiversity. The aim of this study is to characterize the morphological and fruit
[...] Read more.
In modern agricultural production, where a small number of commercial cultivars dominate, the collection, evaluation, and preservation of germplasm are important tasks to reduce the erosion of genes and preserve biodiversity. The aim of this study is to characterize the morphological and fruit chemical properties of the pomegranate germplasm grown on the East Adriatic coast, including the commercial cultivars ‘Hicaznar’, ‘Granada’, and ‘Wonderful’, and to highlight the characteristics with the greatest discriminating power. The characterization of the tree, leaf, flower, arils, seed, and juice was carried out using the UPOV descriptor. The colors of the peel, arils, and juice were analyzed according to the CIEL*a*b* method, total soluble solids were measured using refractometers, and total acidity was determined by titration with 0.1 M NaOH. The research results showed significant diversity between the cultivars, which were grouped into several clusters using an unsupervised analysis technique. Factors such as plant vigor, plant growth habit, predominant number of leaves per node on young shoots, crown type, fruit shape, fruit shape in cross-section, peel weight, total aril weight, aril weight, number of arils per fruit, seed length and width, seed yield, total acidity, TSS/TA ratio, and color parameters of the peel, arils, and juice showed high variability, indicating their strong discriminating power in determining the phenotypic diversity of pomegranate.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Pomegranate Germplasm, Breeding, Genetics and Multiomics)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Antioxidative Response of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) to Rhizosphere-Associated Pseudomonas Strains and Exogenous Indole-3-Acetic Acid
by
Tatjana Popržen, Slađana Jevremović, Snežana Milošević, Marija Đurić, Branka Uzelac, Slaviša Stanković and Olga Radulović
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060562 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Aquatic plants, just like terrestrial plants, are exposed to oxidative stress. However, their responses are still under-researched. In this study, we examined the physiological and antioxidative responses of an aquatic plant, duckweed (Lemna minor L.), to four indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-degrading and -producing
[...] Read more.
Aquatic plants, just like terrestrial plants, are exposed to oxidative stress. However, their responses are still under-researched. In this study, we examined the physiological and antioxidative responses of an aquatic plant, duckweed (Lemna minor L.), to four indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-degrading and -producing Pseudomonas bacteria (Pseudomonas oryzihabitans D1-104/3, P. putida A3-104/5, P. gessardii C31-106/3 and P. yamanorum C44-104/1) and/or a supraphysiological level of IAA (10 mg L−1). Growth characteristics, total photosynthetic pigment content, histochemical localization of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT and POX) were evaluated at two time points, after 3 and 7 days of co-cultivation. Superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide were produced and accumulated mainly in the roots, daughter fronds and veins of duckweeds. Duckweeds’ responses depended on the strain of Pseudomonas, time and exogenous IAA. Co-cultivation of duckweed with bacteria has positive or neutral effects. Exogenous application of IAA had a negative or neutral effect on enzyme activity and other parameters. Co-cultivation with P. gessardii C31-106/3 showed plant-growth-promoting effects on duckweed: increased biomass production, modulation of duckweeds’ antioxidant enzymatic activity and reduction in hydrogen peroxide content. This study widens our knowledge of aquatic plants and their response to oxidative stress, supports the hypothesis that plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) induce tolerable levels of oxidative stress in plants and introduces a new PGPB strain, P. gessardii C31-106/3.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbes and Plant Stress Tolerance)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Use of the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) for Determining the Nutritional Balance of Durian Cultivated in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta
by
Ngo Phuong Ngoc, Le Van Dang, Le Minh Ly, Pham Thi Phuong Thao and Ngo Ngoc Hung
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060561 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Durian is one of the most valuable and expensive fruits in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. Leaf nutritional disorders are considered to be causes of reductions in fruit yield and quality. However, studies on the nutritional balance in durian leaf are limited. In this
[...] Read more.
Durian is one of the most valuable and expensive fruits in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. Leaf nutritional disorders are considered to be causes of reductions in fruit yield and quality. However, studies on the nutritional balance in durian leaf are limited. In this study, we used the DRIS method for leaf limitation nutrient diagnosis at the stage 2 months before durian flowering. Our objectives were to (i) establish DRIS norms for the macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) in durian leaf and (ii) determine nutrient value ranges that are insufficient or excessive in durian production. A total of 180 leaf samples were collected and examined from 90 durian orchards cultivated on alluvial soils in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. The results indicate that DRIS establishment for durian was highly reliable due to the significant positive correlation (r > 0.5) among nutrient indices. The limiting nutrients in durian leaf at the investigation stage were S, Mg, Ca, and P, where S and Mg were the most deficient. The optimal ranges of nutrients in durian leaf were determined and recommended in this study. Further studies are necessary to validate the efficiency of DRIS using nutrient omission trials under durian cultivation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Bacterial and Fungal Communities of Table Grape Skins in Shanghai
by
Ran An, Qingchuan Ma, Sijie Sun, Hengcheng Zhang, Chenang Lyu, Dapeng Wang and Shiren Song
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060560 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Grape skin serves as a reservoir for many bacteria and fungi, which can affect grape health, quality, and safety. However, grape skin microbiota and mycobiota of table grapes remain largely understudied. This study investigated bacterial and fungal communities residing on different table grapevine
[...] Read more.
Grape skin serves as a reservoir for many bacteria and fungi, which can affect grape health, quality, and safety. However, grape skin microbiota and mycobiota of table grapes remain largely understudied. This study investigated bacterial and fungal communities residing on different table grapevine cultivars (‘Summer Black’ and ‘Kyoho’) as well as the impact of potential contributors thereby, via culture-dependent and culture-independent (analysis of 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer sequences) methods with different purposes. Microbiota of both grapevine cultivars were dominated by Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Thauera, and Pantoea. In addition, yeast strains belonging to Hanseniaspora opuntiae, Pichia terricola, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Candida stellimalicola, and Kodamaea ohmeri were enriched from the studied grapes, while some strains were considered as health-threatening pathogens. Differences in grapevine cultivars did not significantly affect their mycobiota and microbiota profiles. Nevertheless, their mycobiota exhibited significant variations across different grape-sampling sites in Shanghai, indicating the contribution of the grape-growing environment to grape skin mycobiota. Altogether, the current study demonstrated the contribution of the grape-growing environment to table grape skin mycobiota, and highlighted the importance of microbiota management in the production and consumption of table grapes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Study on Spectral Response of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) at Different Leaf Ages and Evaluation of Photosynthetic Energy Efficiency of Narrow-Band LED Spotlights
by
Dan Gao, Qing Yuan, Weizhong Pei, Xue Zhang, Fusheng Li, Qiuyi Han and Shanduan Zhang
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060559 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Leaf photosynthesis largely determines the daughter corm yields in vegetative growth for saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Most of the previous researches focus on the spectral response in various species, but research on saffron leaves at different leaf ages is lacking. In this
[...] Read more.
Leaf photosynthesis largely determines the daughter corm yields in vegetative growth for saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Most of the previous researches focus on the spectral response in various species, but research on saffron leaves at different leaf ages is lacking. In this study, the action spectrum based on photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and irradiance were distinguished and interpreted. The optical properties and photosynthetic performances of leaves were, respectively, investigated at two leaf ages, dependent on customized narrow-band LED spotlights from 380 nm to 780 nm with an interval of 20 nm and a band width of 10 nm. The younger leaves were characterized by higher reflectance and transmittance values at 500−600 nm, resulting in lower absorptance compared to the older leaves. The spectral response curves including the action spectrum and quantum yield for younger leaves were higher than the older, but their relative curves displayed coincidence. The spectral response curves exhibited two peaks at 440 and 640 nm, but no obvious troughs between 500 and 600 nm were observed. Nevertheless, the photosynthetic energy efficiencies of spotlights demonstrated very low values in the green/yellow region. Accordingly, more attention should be paid to green and yellow LED lighting during the vegetative stage for saffron, as well as improving their manufacturing technology.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Response in Siete Caldos Chili Pepper Plants (Capsicum frutescens) Exposed to Water Deficit
by
Blanca Olivia Trejo-Paniagua, María Goretty Caamal-Chan, Rosa Isela Cruz-Rodríguez, Anayancy Lam-Gutiérrez and Nancy Ruiz-Lau
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060558 - 26 May 2024
Abstract
Drought, exacerbated by climate change, represents a growing challenge for agriculture, significantly impacting on crops such as chili peppers (Capsicum), essential in the global diet. This work evaluated the response to water stress by suspending irrigation in Siete Caldos chili pepper
[...] Read more.
Drought, exacerbated by climate change, represents a growing challenge for agriculture, significantly impacting on crops such as chili peppers (Capsicum), essential in the global diet. This work evaluated the response to water stress by suspending irrigation in Siete Caldos chili pepper plants (Capsicum frutescens). Control plants were watered every 48 h, while stress was induced in the test plants by withholding irrigation for 14 days, followed by an evaluation of recovery through rehydration on day 15. Growth parameters such as the fresh weight of the aerial part, root length, and number of flower buds showed significant differences between the two groups from the eighth day onwards. However, physiologically and biochemically stress-induced decreased relative water content, membrane stability, and chlorophyll content, coupled with increased electrolyte leakage, proline content, and antioxidant activity (catalases and peroxidases), were observed starting on the third day. These effects were more severe on day 14. At the molecular level, the expression of stress response genes (AP2, LOX2, CAT, CuSOD, MnSOD, and P5CS) was quantified at days 3, 14, and 15, revealing differences in transcript levels between the treatments. Finally, rehydration in the stressed plants resulted in the recovery of the evaluated parameters and a survival rate of 100%. Therefore, chili pepper has tolerance mechanisms that allow it to withstand a period of 14 days without irrigation, without reaching its permanent wilting point, and it can recover if conditions improve. This study underscores the complexity of plant responses and tolerance mechanisms to drought, providing insights into the behavior of semi-domesticated species.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Abiotic Stress Response Mechanism of Horticultural Plants)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Odour Fingerprints of Black (Tuber mesentericum) and Bianchetto (Tuber borchii) Truffles from Different Areas of the Campania Region
by
Andrea Balivo, Enrica De Falco, Luca Branca, Michele Caputo, Raffaele Sacchi and Alessandro Genovese
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060557 - 25 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, E-nose and SPME-GC/MS were applied to compare the odour patterns and volatile compounds of two truffle species harvested in different areas of Campania (Southern Italy). In total, 107 Tuber mesentericum (black truffle) and 60 Tuber borchii (bianchetto truffle) truffles were
[...] Read more.
In this study, E-nose and SPME-GC/MS were applied to compare the odour patterns and volatile compounds of two truffle species harvested in different areas of Campania (Southern Italy). In total, 107 Tuber mesentericum (black truffle) and 60 Tuber borchii (bianchetto truffle) truffles were sampled in areas of Avellino, Salerno, Benevento, and Caserta. The E-nose correctly discriminated between Tuber mesentericum and Tuber borchii truffles. The GC/MS analysis revealed qualitative-quantitative differences between Tuber mesentericum and Tuber borchii, with a prevalence of volatile phenols and aromatic compounds for the black truffle, which are responsible for smoky and floral aromas, and ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, and thiophene derivatives for the bianchetto truffle, mostly responsible for earthy mushroom- and garlic-like aromas. The discriminant analysis performed on the E-nose data pattern provided an average correct classification between 55 and 60% for the same species collected in different sites. Tuber borchii truffles were better discriminated based on the harvesting altitude (hilly and coastal areas). GC/MS revealed quantitative differences in the volatile compounds of truffles of the same species collected in different areas, with variations in abundance based on the harvesting site. The distinctive profile of volatile compounds could represent a useful chemical marker to be investigated to authenticate the truffle harvesting area.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Horticulturae Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Agronomy, Beverages, Fermentation, Horticulturae, Plants
Grapevine Facing Climate Change: From Land, through Plants to Grapes and Wine
Topic Editors: Othmane Merah, Ana Fernandes De Oliveira, Daniela Satta, Mario Cunha, Jesus Yuste, Jalloul BouajilaDeadline: 30 June 2024
Topic in
Agriculture, Agronomy, Forests, Gastronomy, Grasses, Horticulturae, Sustainability
Mediterranean Biodiversity
Topic Editors: Luigi De Bellis, Genuario Belmonte, Massimiliano Renna, Elena Ciani, Monica Marilena Miazzi, Andrea PieroniDeadline: 15 September 2024
Topic in
Agronomy, Horticulturae, IJPB, Life, Plants
Effects of Climate Change on Viticulture (Grape)
Topic Editors: Arif Atak, Andreia Figueiredo, Inmaculada Pascual, Fermin MoralesDeadline: 31 December 2024
Topic in
Agronomy, Crops, Forests, Horticulturae, Plants
Plants Nutrients, 2nd Volume
Topic Editors: Georgia Ntatsi, Maurizio BadianiDeadline: 31 January 2025
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Horticulturae
Factors Affecting the Quality and Shelf Life of Horticultural Crops
Guest Editor: Mohammad Zahirul IslamDeadline: 20 June 2024
Special Issue in
Horticulturae
Genetics and Molecular Breeding of Fruit Tree Species
Guest Editors: Stefano La Malfa, Stefania BenniciDeadline: 30 June 2024
Special Issue in
Horticulturae
Use and Management of Artificial Light in Horticultural Plants
Guest Editors: Hao Wei, Byoung Ryong Jeong, Jiangtao HuDeadline: 20 July 2024
Special Issue in
Horticulturae
Innovative System for Disinfection in Greenhouses
Guest Editor: Bandte MartinaDeadline: 30 July 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Horticulturae
Postharvest Handling of Horticultural Crops
Collection Editors: Maria Dulce Carlos Antunes, Custódia Maria Luís Gago, Adriana Guerreiro
Topical Collection in
Horticulturae
New Challenges in Productivity of Berry Fruits
Collection Editors: Christopher M. Menzel, Anita Sønsteby
Topical Collection in
Horticulturae
New Advances in Fruit Quality: Pre-harvest Techniques and Postharvest Management
Collection Editors: Alessio Allegra, Giuseppe Sortino
Topical Collection in
Horticulturae
Recent Advances in Hydroponic and Aquaponic Research
Collection Editor: Michael Timmons