Journal Description
Buildings
Buildings
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on building science, building engineering and architecture published monthly online by MDPI. The International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) is affiliated with Buildings and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Civil) / CiteScore - Q1 (Architecture)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion Journal: Architecture.
Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
The Creation of Geotechnical Seismic Isolation from Materials with Damping Properties for the Protection of Architectural Monuments
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1572; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061572 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study on the relevance of seismic isolation systems for protecting architectural monuments from seismic and vibration impacts. This work aims to develop a method for protecting architectural monuments from seismic and vibration effects by installing geotechnical
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This paper presents the results of a study on the relevance of seismic isolation systems for protecting architectural monuments from seismic and vibration impacts. This work aims to develop a method for protecting architectural monuments from seismic and vibration effects by installing geotechnical seismic isolation systems made of various geomaterials, such as a silicate soil mixture (SSM), a cement–soil mixture (CSM), a bitumen–soil mixture (BSM), and a rubber–soil mixture (RSM). The novelty of the work lies in the results of studying the wave processes in different models of geomaterials to assess their effectiveness in a seismic isolation system in the form of damping barrier screens to ensure the seismic resistance of architectural monuments. By comparing the amplitude–frequency characteristics of various geomaterials, it was found that the rubber–soil mixture (RSM), the cement–soil mixture (CSM), and the bitumen–soil mixture (BSM) have the most effective damping properties. A proposed method for protecting architectural monuments with geotechnical seismic isolation in the form of vertical screen barriers and technology for their installation ensures the integrity and safety of architectural monuments at all stages of construction and operation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
Open AccessReview
An Overview of the Recyclability of Alternative Materials for Building Surface Courses at Pavement Structures
by
Konstantinos Gkyrtis and Maria Pomoni
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1571; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061571 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
This paper overviews the use of several waste materials for the construction and reconstruction of surface courses of asphalt pavements in the framework of sustainable perspectives that are adopted in pavement engineering. Based on a relevant literature search, the most commonly investigated alternative
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This paper overviews the use of several waste materials for the construction and reconstruction of surface courses of asphalt pavements in the framework of sustainable perspectives that are adopted in pavement engineering. Based on a relevant literature search, the most commonly investigated alternative materials include waste plastic, crumb rubber, waste glass, steel slag, and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). Although recycling in pavement engineering is not a novelty, the strict performance requirements of the surface layers required to support a distress-resistant behavior possess continuous research challenges about the mechanical behavioral parameters, such as fatigue, rutting, moisture damage, and serviceability requirements, such as skid resistance. While studies in a laboratory environment mainly dominate, the importance of performance observations of real structures in the field is also pinpointed in an effort to provide a comprehensive overview of the so far knowledge status. Thereafter, this paper discusses peculiar issues and criteria for waste material selection that should balance performance requirements, local availabilities, and potential legislation concerns, thereby maximizing the economic or environmental advantages.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Utilization of Recycled Aggregates and Waste in Road Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
Transmission Mechanism of Influencing Factors in the Promotion and Application of Whole-Process Engineering Consulting
by
Xu Huang, Qingbo Hu, Wenbin Zhou, Peng Yang, Fangru Liu and Wen Zhou
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1570; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061570 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
As a project construction organization model, whole-process engineering consulting (WPEC) is currently being promoted in China’s engineering consulting industry. However, various factors create numerous obstacles that hinder this model’s effective promotion and application. One essential task is to deeply analyze the transmission mechanism
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As a project construction organization model, whole-process engineering consulting (WPEC) is currently being promoted in China’s engineering consulting industry. However, various factors create numerous obstacles that hinder this model’s effective promotion and application. One essential task is to deeply analyze the transmission mechanism of the influencing factors in the promotion and application of WPEC, and explore effective pathways for promoting and applying this model. This paper systematically organizes and summarizes 10 primary influencing factors and 38 secondary influencing factors for promoting WPEC. Using the complex network analysis method, a network of influencing factors for promoting WPEC, a network structure, and motif analyses are conducted. The results show that the influencing factors have a complex transmission mechanism, and complex network analysis can reveal the laws of their construction and their causes. This paper provides a systematic basis and theoretical support for the effective formulation of policies related to the promotion and application of WPEC.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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Open AccessArticle
Parametric Study of the Deep Excavation Performance of Underground Pumping Station Based on Numerical Method
by
Jiani Zhang, Zhenkun Yang and Rafig Azzam
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1569; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061569 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Environmental responses to deep excavations are combined results of numerous factors. The effects of some factors are relatively straightforward and can be considered carefully during the design. On the other hand, more features impact excavation-induced performances indirectly, making their influences difficult to be
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Environmental responses to deep excavations are combined results of numerous factors. The effects of some factors are relatively straightforward and can be considered carefully during the design. On the other hand, more features impact excavation-induced performances indirectly, making their influences difficult to be clearly understood. Unfortunately, the complexity and non-repeatability of practical projects make it impossible to thoroughly understand these issues through realistic deep excavation projects. Therefore, parametric studies based on repeatable laboratory and numerical tests are desired to investigate these issues further. This work examines the influence of several key features on excavation-induced displacements through a series of 3D numerical tests. The study includes the choice of soil constitutive models, the modeling method of the soil–wall interface, and the influences of various key soil parameters. The comparison shows that the MCC model can yield a displacement field similar to the HSS model, while its soil movement is greatly improved compared to the MC model. Both the soil–wall interface properties and soil parameters impact the excavation-induced displacement to a large extent. In addition, the influence mechanisms of these parameters are analyzed, and practical suggestions are given. The findings of this paper are expected to provide practical references to the design and construction of future deep excavation projects.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Underground Space Design: Structural Stability and Mechanics Analysis)
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Open AccessArticle
Wind-Induced Dynamic Response of Inter-Story Isolated Tall Buildings with Friction Pendulum Bearing Based on an Enhanced Simplified Model
by
Zhihao Li, Zhiran Xu, Guoqing Huang and Zhanfang Liu
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1568; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061568 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Isolation technology, especially for base isolation, is increasingly being applied in earthquake-prone areas. To satisfy some special demands (such as prevention from seawater erosion of an isolation layer, story-adding retrofit of existing buildings, avoidance of collision between base-isolated tall buildings, and so on),
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Isolation technology, especially for base isolation, is increasingly being applied in earthquake-prone areas. To satisfy some special demands (such as prevention from seawater erosion of an isolation layer, story-adding retrofit of existing buildings, avoidance of collision between base-isolated tall buildings, and so on), the isolation layer sometimes has to be set in the middle of a building to constitute inter-story isolated buildings. This special structural form inevitably encounters strong wind loads during service life, and its wind-resistant performance deserves to be investigated. This study conducts the wind-induced vibration analysis of inter-story isolated tall buildings with friction pendulum bearing (FPB). The nonlinear time domain analysis model and statistical linearization method to compute the wind-induced response of FPB inter-story isolated tall buildings are addressed based on an enhanced simplified model. Considering the independence of the upper and lower structures, two structural design schemes for inter-story isolated tall buildings are provided. Their dynamic characteristics are analyzed, and wind-induced responses are compared. Finally, the accuracy of the statistical linearization method is verified. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the structural design and wind resistance of inter-story isolated tall buildings.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technology of Green Intelligent Construction and Risk Assessment in Architectural Structures)
Open AccessArticle
Experimental-Numerical Assessment of Mechanical Behavior of Laboratory-Made Steel and NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Wire Ropes
by
Peyman Narjabadifam, Neda Fazlalipour, Somayeh Mollaei, Mohammad Momeni, Ali Saman Watandoust, Mahdi Chavoshi, Alireza Babaeian Amini and Farshad Karazmay
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1567; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061567 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The mechanical behaviors of laboratory-fabricated steel and superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) wire ropes are assessed in this study through a comprehensive approach encompassing both experimental investigations and finite element (FE) numerical simulations. The assessment of steel wire ropes involves experimental scrutiny under
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The mechanical behaviors of laboratory-fabricated steel and superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) wire ropes are assessed in this study through a comprehensive approach encompassing both experimental investigations and finite element (FE) numerical simulations. The assessment of steel wire ropes involves experimental scrutiny under sinusoidal cyclic loading and natural earthquake loading conditions. In parallel, SMA wire ropes’ behaviors are analyzed utilizing FE simulations employing the widely acknowledged ABAQUS software version 2020. The validation of all numerical simulations is undertaken against the experimentally observed behaviors. Moreover, full-scale steel wire ropes are subjected to shaking table tests to validate the simulations, facilitating a comparative analysis between the mechanical responses of SMA and steel wire ropes. The findings demonstrate that SMA wire ropes exhibit superelastic behavior akin to SMA wires, with marginal variations in overall response observed across distinct configurations, akin to steel wire ropes. Furthermore, augmenting the helix angle of SMA wire ropes results in reduced stress and increased strain when exposed to the El Centro earthquake scenario. Nevertheless, the mechanical response of SMA wire ropes closely mirrors that of a single wire.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
Open AccessArticle
Assessing the Impact of Recycled Building Materials on Environmental Sustainability and Energy Efficiency: A Comprehensive Framework for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
by
Amjad Almusaed, Ibrahim Yitmen, Jonn Are Myhren and Asaad Almssad
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1566; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061566 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, we critically examine the potential of recycled construction materials, focusing on how these materials can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy usage in the construction sector. By adopting an integrated approach that combines Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and
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In this study, we critically examine the potential of recycled construction materials, focusing on how these materials can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy usage in the construction sector. By adopting an integrated approach that combines Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Material Flow Analysis (MFA) within the circular economy framework, we thoroughly examine the lifecycle environmental performance of these materials. Our findings reveal a promising future where incorporating recycled materials in construction can significantly lower GHG emissions and conserve energy. This underscores their crucial role in advancing sustainable construction practices. Moreover, our study emphasizes the need for robust regulatory frameworks and technological innovations to enhance the adoption of environmentally responsible practices. We encourage policymakers, industry stakeholders, and the academic community to collaborate and promote the adoption of a circular economy strategy in the building sector. Our research contributes to the ongoing discussion on sustainable construction, offering evidence-based insights that can inform future policies and initiatives to improve environmental stewardship in the construction industry. This study aligns with the European Union’s objectives of achieving climate-neutral cities by 2030 and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals outlined for completion by 2030. Overall, this paper contributes to the ongoing dialogue on sustainable construction, providing a fact-driven basis for future policy and initiatives to enhance environmental stewardship in the industry.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Holistic Approach to Niche Formation: A Case on Transition to Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings in Türkiye
by
Tuğba Yiğit Barut and Semra Arslan Selçuk
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1565; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061565 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The long-term challenges of climate change are becoming increasingly evident. Considering the ever-increasing need for energy in parallel with population growth and the impact of greenhouse gases, the built environment is among the issues that should be addressed as a priority. As international
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The long-term challenges of climate change are becoming increasingly evident. Considering the ever-increasing need for energy in parallel with population growth and the impact of greenhouse gases, the built environment is among the issues that should be addressed as a priority. As international agreements, the EU, and national legislation become institutionalized, the need to decarbonize the built environment increases. For this reason, there is a need for an understanding that enables the transition to a more sustainable society. In line with this understanding, a transition to zero-energy buildings is required. In this article, the evaluation framework is created by combining the Transition Management (TM) approach, which is a framework developed to understand long-term changes in culture, structure, and practices for sustainable development solutions, and the Strategic Niche Management (SNM) approach, which encourages technological and social change to initiate sustainable innovations at the niche level. Applications regarding energy efficiency and niche formation for the built environment in Türkiye (Gaziantep) were discussed. When the applications and theories are evaluated together, it can be seen that the applications carried out in Gaziantep regarding Nearly Zero Energy Buildings may be starter experiments. However, these projects are insufficient to create a niche, and the developments are progressing very slowly.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Prospects in Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings)
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Open AccessArticle
Analysis of Out-of-Plane Displacements of a Light Steel Keel Fireproof Exterior Wall and Its Connection with the Steel Frame
by
Ang Wang, Ruiyuan Gao, Hao Li, Jing Li and Ke Li
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1564; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061564 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Light steel keel fireproof exterior walls are one of the new composite walls that have been widely used in recent years. This paper analyzes the factors affecting the displacements of the connectors and wall panels and modifies the corresponding displacement model. ABAQUS was
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Light steel keel fireproof exterior walls are one of the new composite walls that have been widely used in recent years. This paper analyzes the factors affecting the displacements of the connectors and wall panels and modifies the corresponding displacement model. ABAQUS was used to establish the simulation analysis of the L-shaped and special-shaped steel angle component, and the results were compared with the experimental model to verify the rationality. The effect of vertical keel spacing and layout, the number of special-shaped steel angles, the L-shaped steel angle thickness, and the number of self-tapping screws for L-shaped steel angles to steel beams were explored based on the validated finite element model. The calculation model was modified based on the results of the simulation. The results showed that the simulation results fit well with the experimental results, which verified the reliability of the finite element model. The number of connectors and the number of self-tapping screws are the main factors affecting the special-shaped and L-shaped steel angle components, respectively. By modifying the rotation constraint factor of the L-shaped steel angle and adding a discount factor for the wall panel, the accuracy of the associated displacement calculation model could be improved.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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Open AccessArticle
Improvement of Traditional Energy-Saving Cold Alley Spaces: Case Study of Shixiangyuan Garden Renovation and Expansion Project in Guangzhou
by
Ziling Zhao, Jinyang Yang and Guofeng Chen
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1563; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061563 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Traditional cold alleys have the ability to adapt to hot climates with cooling and insulation, which is a traditional design method that conforms to sustainable development. Due to the limited depth of space and the adoption of mechanical ventilation in most contemporary architectural
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Traditional cold alleys have the ability to adapt to hot climates with cooling and insulation, which is a traditional design method that conforms to sustainable development. Due to the limited depth of space and the adoption of mechanical ventilation in most contemporary architectural design, this passive energy-saving method is gradually being ignored. In this study, we use ventilation measurement and simulation to explore the characteristics of ventilation performance in the cold alleys of the renovation and expansion project of Shixiangyuan Garden. The research, using anemometers and thermometers for measurement, aims to explore how Shixiangyuan Garden can utilize its existing environment and improve it to adapt to local conditions, and also discusses the methods of increasing the number of air vents to improve the overall ventilation performance of the alleys, as well as the effects of form changes caused by utilizing water and plants to supplement the soft interface. Although many studies have explored the mechanisms of cold alleys in traditional architecture, few have discussed the variance of cold alley forms that could adapt to the limited depths of newly constructed buildings. This study attempts to explore the potential for this through simulation. The purpose is to find new ways to inherit the sustainable advantages of cold alleys in new projects.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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Open AccessArticle
Synergistic Impact on Indoor Air Quality: The Combined Use of Air Conditioners, Air Purifiers, and Fresh Air Systems
by
Lizhi Jia, Jufeng Ge, Zhiqiang Wang, Wufeng Jin, Congcong Wang, Zhanwei Dong, Cheng Wang and Ren Wang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1562; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061562 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
As concerns about indoor air quality increase, air purifiers and fresh air systems are increasingly being used in conjunction with air conditioners in office buildings. To study the synergistic effects of multisystem joint operation on indoor air quality, this study used a combination
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As concerns about indoor air quality increase, air purifiers and fresh air systems are increasingly being used in conjunction with air conditioners in office buildings. To study the synergistic effects of multisystem joint operation on indoor air quality, this study used a combination of experimental and simulation methods to study the indoor particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations under different operation conditions. The purification time and the PM2.5 concentration distribution under different conditions were compared with the condition in which the purifier was used alone. The results showed that the purification time required for the condition that the air conditioner runs together with the purifier was shortened by 15.2%. When the fresh air system is running together with the purifier, the purification time can be reduced by 30.4%. It was reduced by 32.6% when the three systems were operating at the same time. The PM2.5 concentration distribution under the joint operating condition was much more even than that under the condition in which the purifier was running alone. To analyze the impact on the CO2 distribution, the CO2 distributions under different joint operations were compared. The results show that the fresh air system can effectively dilute CO2 below 1000 ppm in 30 min. The air conditioner and purifier could help to mix the indoor air to provide a much more uniform indoor CO2 distribution.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Thermal Environment: Improving Indoor Comfort by Optimizing Ventilation Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Cyber Risk Assessment Framework for the Construction Industry Using Machine Learning Techniques
by
Dongchi Yao and Borja García de Soto
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061561 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Construction 4.0 integrates digital technologies that increase vulnerability to cyber threats. A dedicated cyber risk assessment framework is essential for proactive risk mitigation. However, existing studies on this subject within the construction sector are scarce, with most discussions still in the preliminary stages.
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Construction 4.0 integrates digital technologies that increase vulnerability to cyber threats. A dedicated cyber risk assessment framework is essential for proactive risk mitigation. However, existing studies on this subject within the construction sector are scarce, with most discussions still in the preliminary stages. This study introduces a cyber risk assessment framework that integrates machine learning techniques, pioneering a data-driven approach to quantitatively assess cyber risks while considering industry-specific vulnerabilities. The framework builds on over 20 literature reviews related to construction cybersecurity and semi-structured interviews with two industry experts, ensuring both rigor and alignment with practical industrial needs. This study also addresses the challenges of data collection and proposes potential solutions, such as a standardized data collection format with preset fields that computers can automatically populate using data from construction companies. Additionally, the framework proposes dynamic machine learning models that adjust based on new data, facilitating continuous risk monitoring tailored to industry needs. Furthermore, this study explores the potential of advanced language models in cybersecurity management, positioning them as intelligent cybersecurity consultants that provide answers to security inquiries. Overall, this study develops a conceptual machine learning framework aimed at creating a robust, off-the-shelf cyber risk management system for industry practitioners.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of Rural Healing Landscape DESIGN Based on Virtual Reality and Electroencephalography
by
Hongguo Ren, Xue Wang, Jing Zhang, Lei Zhang and Qingqin Wang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1560; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061560 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
From the user’s perspective, emotional elements are increasingly being used in design. Researchers have indicated that healing landscapes in rural areas play a positive role in soothing human emotions. In this study, a landscape with healing functions was designed, and 32 subjects experienced
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From the user’s perspective, emotional elements are increasingly being used in design. Researchers have indicated that healing landscapes in rural areas play a positive role in soothing human emotions. In this study, a landscape with healing functions was designed, and 32 subjects experienced emotions in a virtual reality (VR) scene while their 32-channel electroencephalography (EEG) signals were collected. This study compared the brain responses with and without the presence of healing landscape elements and conducted correlation coefficient analysis using eight different regression prediction models to examine the relationship between security, comfort, positivity, and corresponding healing landscape elements. The results show significant improvements in emotions of security, comfort, and positivity post-exposure to the landscape design, especially with certain elements, such as seating, shrubs, and tree pools. EEG data indicate enhanced emotional and cognitive states, particularly relaxation, with increased activity in specific brain regions. The decision tree regression model is the most suitable for our data. It reveals strong correlations between specific healing landscape elements and emotional responses. In the comfort category, “shrubs” show the highest correlation (R² = 0.82), while in the security category, “trees” have the highest correlation (R² = 0.77). Similarly, in the positivity category, “trees” again exhibit the highest correlation (R² = 0.71) with EEG data, indicating their significant impact on these emotional dimensions. This study demonstrates the importance of using scientific methods, such as EEG technology, to validate the principles of emotional design and also underscores the role of green environments in enhancing psychological health and emotional comfort.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensing the Built Environment: Measurements, Correlations, and Implications)
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Open AccessArticle
Response Comparisons of Prefabricated and Cast-in-Place Subway Station Structures in Liquefiable Soil Foundation with the Ground Surface Slight Inclined
by
Junhai An, Yanhua Zhang, Qiaofeng Liu, Fei Guo and Xuehui Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1559; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061559 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
In recent years, the prefabricated subway station structure (PSSS) has become a hot spot of underground structure research. In this paper, the numerical model of a soil–subway station structure in a slowly inclined liquefiable site at the surface is established by using FLAC3D
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In recent years, the prefabricated subway station structure (PSSS) has become a hot spot of underground structure research. In this paper, the numerical model of a soil–subway station structure in a slowly inclined liquefiable site at the surface is established by using FLAC3D finite difference software. And the applicability of the PSSS under the gently inclined liquefiable site is investigated through the foundation pore water pressure, lateral movement of liquefied soil, and dynamic response and uplift characteristics of the subway station structure. It is found that under the gently inclined liquefiable site conditions, the PSSS exhibits tilting and floating behaviors and has an anti-liquefaction effect within a certain range of surrounding soil layers. Compared with the same type of cast-in-place subway station structure (CIPSSS), it has better resistance to overturning and uplift, and the structure has less stress. Under the premise of ensuring static waterproofing, the PSSS can be applied to surface inclined liquefiable sites.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic New Trends in Advanced Construction Technology, Sustainable Construction Materials and High-Performance Building Structures)
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Open AccessArticle
The Mechanical Properties and Chlorine Resistance of Concrete Based on the Effects of Pouring Interval Time
by
Zheng Chen, Zhaoqi Huang, Jingli Wei, Guoxin Zhao and Yunchao Tang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1558; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061558 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
In practical engineering construction, differences in time intervals during concrete pouring arise due to issues in concrete quality control and construction procedures, thereby affecting the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. This study conducted compressive strength tests, splitting tensile strength tests, and natural
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In practical engineering construction, differences in time intervals during concrete pouring arise due to issues in concrete quality control and construction procedures, thereby affecting the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. This study conducted compressive strength tests, splitting tensile strength tests, and natural immersion tests to investigate the influence of time intervals in layered pouring on the mechanical strength and chloride ion concentration distribution of staged pouring concrete. Additionally, the study elucidated the mechanism by which pouring interval time affects the mechanical properties and resistance to chloride ion erosion of staged pouring concrete at the microstructure level. The results indicate that compared to ordinary concrete specimens, the splitting tensile strength of staged pouring concrete demonstrates a continuous decrease with increasing pouring interval time. The most significant splitting tensile strength decrease occurred at a 24 h interval. The compressive strength of staged pouring concrete initially decreases and then increases with increasing pouring interval time. At a pouring interval time of 12 h, the compressive strength of staged pouring concrete decreased the most. Results from the natural immersion tests demonstrate that chloride ion concentrations at the bonding interface and on both sides of staged pouring concrete increase continuously with the extension of pouring interval time. The chloride ion concentration at the bonding interface is consistently higher than that on both sides, and the difference between them decreases with increasing diffusion depth. The chloride ion concentration difference ΔC was proposed to evaluate the influence of bonding interface performance on chloride ion concentration, which decreases to varying degrees with increasing depth. The findings of this study can provide guidance for the research on the mechanical properties and durability of staged pouring concrete in practical engineering construction, as well as for engineering protective measures.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Concrete Structures: Structural Behaviors and Design Methods—2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
The Effects of Natural Window Views in Classrooms on College Students’ Mood and Learning Efficiency
by
Ya’ou Zhang, Yanhong Tang, Xiangquan Wang and Yuanlong Tan
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1557; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061557 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
Observing peaceful natural environments has been shown to restore cognitive abilities and reduce stress. As a result, visual access to natural environments is becoming increasingly common in educational settings. However, most current research on classroom window views has examined classroom environments in elementary
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Observing peaceful natural environments has been shown to restore cognitive abilities and reduce stress. As a result, visual access to natural environments is becoming increasingly common in educational settings. However, most current research on classroom window views has examined classroom environments in elementary and secondary schools, and only some university classrooms have been used as study sites. This study investigated the relationship between the naturalness of university classroom window views and physiological and emotional responses and standardized tests of attentional focus (learning efficiency) in university students. Thirty participants (undergraduates 21.16 ± 1.01 years old) viewed architectural window views and natural window views for 3 min each, and physiological measures of EEG, HRV index, and psychometric measures of Semantic Differences Questionnaire and Emotional State Questionnaire generated data. Measurements were generated. The results indicated that the natural window view significantly enhanced theta, alpha, and beta waves of brain activity, provided a sense of comfort, relaxation, and pleasure, and increased learning efficiency compared to the architectural window view. The findings support the beneficial associations between window views on university campuses and students’ mood and learning efficiency, emphasizing the importance of considering natural window views in the planning and designing of university classrooms.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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Open AccessReview
Comparative Analysis of Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort Standards in School Buildings across New Zealand with Other OECD Countries
by
Vineet Kumar Arya, Eziaku Onyeizu Rasheed, Don Amila Sajeevan Samarasinghe and Suzanne Wilkinson
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1556; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061556 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
COVID-19 has improved awareness of the importance of appropriate indoor air quality (IAQ) in indoor spaces, particularly in classrooms where children are expected to learn. Research has shown that poor IAQ and temperature levels affect the cognitive performance of children. In this paper,
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COVID-19 has improved awareness of the importance of appropriate indoor air quality (IAQ) in indoor spaces, particularly in classrooms where children are expected to learn. Research has shown that poor IAQ and temperature levels affect the cognitive performance of children. In this paper, we critically compare IAQ standards for New Zealand’s Designing Quality Learning Spaces (DQLS Document) against international benchmarks from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, including ASHRAE 62.1, CIBSE TM57, EN-15251, WHO AQGs, and Building Bulletins 99 and 101. The aim was to ascertain the robustness of New Zealand’s DQLS document, identify areas of superiority, and recommend the required improvement for appropriate IAQ and thermal comfort in classrooms. This comparison review focuses on IAQ parameters: CO2 levels, temperature, ventilation rates, room size, occupant density, and occupancy rates. The findings illuminate a slight lag in New Zealand’s DQLS standards compared to her international counterparts. For instance, while New Zealand’s standards align closely with WHO standards for IAQ concerning temperature and ventilation rates, the recommended CO2 range appears slightly inadequate (800 to 2000 ppm) along with occupancy and classroom size for effectively controlling classroom pollutant growth. This paper emphasises the need to align New Zealand’s IAQ and thermal comfort standards with optimal OECD benchmarks. The identified disparities present opportunities for improving learning spaces in terms of CO2 concentration, size of classroom, and occupant density in schools in New Zealand to meet globally recognised standards, ultimately creating a healthier and more conducive learning environment.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Air Quality in Buildings)
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Non-Cement Building Materials from Volcanic Rock Extraction Waste
by
Avetik Arzumanyan, Nelli Muradyan, Arusyak Arzumanyan, David Laroze and Manuk Barseghyan
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1555; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061555 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
This work presents the types of waste of Armenian volcanic aluminosilicate tuff rocks extraction, as a component of the raw material of non-cement, artificial stone materials, the technical possibilities of their use, and the results of experiments for meeting the indicators of physical
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This work presents the types of waste of Armenian volcanic aluminosilicate tuff rocks extraction, as a component of the raw material of non-cement, artificial stone materials, the technical possibilities of their use, and the results of experiments for meeting the indicators of physical and mechanical characteristics of natural stone. Preliminary orientational experimental studies have specified the proportions of the raw materials in the compositions, the connections between the preparation of mixtures, the compaction of samples, and the shortest possible heat treatment regimes at temperatures up to 200 °C. Non-cement artificial stones were developed using tuff waste, with filler–composite binder ratios of 75/25 and 70/30, and a water/solid mass ratio of 0.10-to-0.12%. After 9 h of heat treatment, the density, water absorption, and compressive strength of non-cement artificial stone materials were determined. The results showed that these materials outperformed natural stone materials from the same deposits, in terms of the same physical and mechanical characteristics. The use of tuff waste resulted in increased densities, from 10.5 to 39%, decreased water absorption by 2 to 2.5 times, and increased compressive strength of non-cement artificial stone materials, from 15 to 30% compared to natural tuff stones. X-ray diffraction and SEM image studies were also carried out for the obtained non-cement artificial stones. The novelty in the developed technology of obtaining stone materials primarily revolves around the mixture preparation technology by using tuff waste materials and low-temperature heat treatment.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Scientific Developments in Cement-Based and Alternative Materials)
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The Role of Spatial Layout in Shaping Value Perception and Customer Loyalty in Theme Hotels
by
Tsen-Yao Chang and Yu-Cheng Lin
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1554; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061554 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Despite the acknowledged connection between physical environment and human behavior, the literature often underestimates the crucial role of hotel spatial layout and its relation to other factors in shaping customer loyalty. The layout of theme hotels is often simply considered a general environmental
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Despite the acknowledged connection between physical environment and human behavior, the literature often underestimates the crucial role of hotel spatial layout and its relation to other factors in shaping customer loyalty. The layout of theme hotels is often simply considered a general environmental consideration, ignoring its far-reaching impact. This research proposes that guests staying at theme hotels will perceive value when utilizing the layout and appreciate all aspects of hotel facilities. This, in turn, influences their value perception and loyalty to the hotel. To analyze the data, confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were employed on a sample of 298 individuals who stayed in theme hotels. The findings from these analyses reveal that both the hotel layout and the external environment positively influence guests’ evaluations of the internal environment (R2 = 0.640). Furthermore, the evaluation of the internal environment and layout significantly impacts guests’ perceived values (R2 = 0.517), subsequently shaping their loyalty to the hotel (R2 = 0.370). Perceived value emerges as a vital mediating factor between the layout and customer loyalty. This study presents compelling evidence that spatial layout significantly influences customer loyalty in theme hotels through perceived value, transcending internal and external environmental boundaries.
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(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
A Safety Risk Analysis of a Steel-Structure Building Using an Improved Controlled Interval and Memory Model
by
Jinhua Chen, Lihong Zhou, Yipeng Liu and Yajie Wang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1553; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061553 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Scholars and engineers have increasingly focused on the safety of steel-structure buildings. An accurate analysis can substantially reduce the collapse probability of these buildings. This paper proposes a novel risk analysis model to assess the safety of steel-structure buildings. The vector entropy method
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Scholars and engineers have increasingly focused on the safety of steel-structure buildings. An accurate analysis can substantially reduce the collapse probability of these buildings. This paper proposes a novel risk analysis model to assess the safety of steel-structure buildings. The vector entropy method and weight clustering were used to improve the controlled interval and memory (CIM) model. The proposed model has the advantages of a straightforward modeling approach, strong adaptability, and logical relationships. The new strategy improves the reliability and stability of the CIM model results when the maximum membership principle is not applicable. The Jiangxi Exhibition Center in China, which has a steel truss roof, is used as a case study. The results indicate a high safety risk of the project and the need for maintenance and repair. The improved CIM model has higher stability and adaptability for analyzing the safety risks of steel structure than the standard CIM model.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Life Cycle Management of Civil Engineering)
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